Symptoms are changes that you can feel in your body. Signs are changes in something estimated, such as by taking your pulse or doing a lab test. Together, side effects and signs can assist with depicting a clinical issue. While most prostate malignant growth causes no side effects, the side effects and indications of prostate disease might include:

• Blood in the urine
• Burning or pain in the urination
• Decrease flow or velocity of urine stream
• Loss of bladder control
• Difficulty in urination
• Frequent urination
• Discomfort or pain when sitting, caused by an enlarged prostate

Depending on each case, prostate cancer treatment includes-

• Active or Observation of Prostate cancer stage

It is used to describe the less intensive type of follow-up that may few tests and rely more on changes in a man’s symptoms to decide. If treatment is needed.

• Surgery for prostate cancer

Surgery involves the removal of the prostate and some surrounding lymph nodes during an operation.

1. Open or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy – In a laparoscopic prostatectomy, the specialist makes a few more modest cuts and uses unique long surgical devices to remove the prostate. The specialist either holds the instruments straightforwardly, or uses a control panel to move robotic arms that hold the devices exactly. This treatment of prostatectomy has become more common now a days. If done by experienced specialists, the laparoscopic revolutionary prostatectomy can give results like the open approach.

Open prostatectomy

For this open operation, the surgeon makes an incision (cut) in your lower abdomen, from the belly button down to the pubic bone, as shown in the picture below. You will either be under general anesthesia (asleep) or be given spinal or epidural anesthesia (numbing the lower half of the body) along with sedation during the surgery.

After the prostate is removed, while you are still under anesthesia, a catheter (thin, flexible tube) will be put in your penis to help drain your bladder. The catheter will usually stay in place for 1 to 2 weeks while you heal. You will be able to urinate on your own after the catheter is removed.

You will probably stay in the hospital for a few days after the surgery, and your activities will be limited for several weeks.

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

For a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), the surgeon inserts special long instruments through several small incisions in the abdominal wall to remove the prostate. One of the instruments has a small video camera on the end, which lets the surgeon see inside the body.

Laparoscopic prostatectomy has some advantages over open radical prostatectomy, including less blood loss and pain, shorter hospital stays (usually no more than a day), faster recovery times, and the catheter will need to remain in the bladder for less time.

• Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

The main types of radiation therapy used for prostate cancer are:

• External beam radiation

In this, radiations are focused on the prostate gland from a machine outside the body. This type of radiation can be used to try to cure earlier stage cancers, or to help relieve symptoms such as bone pain if the cancer has spread to a specific area of bone. You will usually go for treatment 5 days a week in an outpatient center for at least several weeks, depending on why the radiation is being given. Each treatment is much like getting an x-ray. The radiation is stronger than that used for an x-ray, but the procedure typically is painless. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes, although the setup time — getting you into place for treatment — takes longer.

• Brachytherapy (internal radiation) 

Brachytherapy (also called seed implantation or interstitial radiation therapy) uses small radioactive pellets, or “seeds,” each about the size of a grain of rice. These pellets are placed directly into your prostate.

• Brachytherapy alone is generally used only in men with early-stage prostate cancer that is relatively slow growing (low-grade).
• Brachytherapy combined with external radiation is sometimes an option for men who have a higher risk of the cancer growing outside the prostate.

• Radiopharmaceuticals 

Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that contain radioactive elements. They are injected into a vein and travel through the blood to reach cancer cells that have spread to other parts of the body. These drugs then give off radiation that kills the cancer cells. (The type of radiation they use travels only a short distance, which helps limit side effects.) Unlike other types of radiation, these drugs can reach cancer anywhere in the body.

• Cryotherapy for prostate cancer

Cryotherapy is sometimes used if the cancer has come back after radiation therapy. It may be an option to treat men with low risk early-stage prostate cancer who cannot have surgery or radiation therapy. However, most doctors do not use cryotherapy as the first treatment for prostate cancer. This type of procedure requires spinal or epidural anesthesia (the lower half of your body is numbed) or general anesthesia (you are asleep).

• Hormone therapy –

Hormone therapy is also called androgen suppression therapy. The goal of this treatment is to reduce levels of male hormones, called androgens, in the body, or to stop them from fueling prostate cancer cell growth.

Androgens stimulate prostate cancer cells to grow. The main androgens in the body are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Most androgens are made by the testicles, but the adrenal glands (glands that sit above your kidneys) as well as the prostate cancer cells themselves, can also make androgens.

Lowering androgen levels or stopping them from getting into prostate cancer cells often makes prostate cancers shrink or grow more slowly for a time. But hormone therapy alone does not cure prostate cancer.

• Chemotherapy for prostate therapy

Chemotherapy (chemo) uses anti-cancer drugs injected into a vein or given by mouth. These drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells in most parts of the body.

Chemo is sometimes used if prostate cancer has spread outside the prostate gland and hormone therapy isn’t working.

For prostate cancer, chemo drugs are typically used one at a time. Some of the chemo drugs used to treat prostate cancer include:

• Docetaxel (Taxotere)
• Cabazitaxel (Jevtana)
• Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
• Estramustine (Emcyt)

• Immunotherapy for prostate cancer

Immunotherapy is the use of medicines to stimulate a person’s own immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively. Certain types of immunotherapy can be used to treat prostate cancer.

Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) is a cancer vaccine. which boost the body’s immune system to help prevent infections, this vaccine boosts the immune system to help it attack prostate cancer cells. The vaccine is used to treat advanced prostate cancer that’s no longer responding to hormone therapy but is causing few or no symptoms.

This vaccine is made specifically for each man. To make it, white blood cells (cells of the immune system) are removed from your blood over a few hours while you are hooked up to a special machine. The cells are then sent to a lab, where they are mixed with a protein from prostate cancer cells called prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP).

• Targeted Therapy for prostate cancer

Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to identify and attack cancer cells while doing little damage to normal cells. These therapies attack the cancer cells’ inner workings − that makes them different from normal, healthy cells. Each type of targeted therapy works differently, but they all change the way a cancer cell grows, divides, repairs itself, or interacts with other cells.

Breast  Cancer is the most common invasive cancer disease in women and this is the second leading cause deaths due to cancer in women after Cancer of lungs. Awareness of the symptoms of this disease and need for a regular screening are both important ways of reduce the risk of this disease. In some rare instances, breast cancer can also affect men, but in our this  article we will share about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in women.

Breast cancer surgery costs in India range approximately between USD 2800 and USD 4500.

Treatment shall depend on several factors mentioned below:

• type & stage of the disease
• patient’s sensitivity to hormones
• age, preferences of the individual and overall health of the patient

Other major treatments of Breast Cancer are –

• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Hormonal therapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Neoadjuvant systemic therapy for non-metastatic breast cancer
• Systemic therapy concerns for people age 65 or older
• Physical, emotional, and social effects of cancer
• Recurrent breast cancer

There are five stages of breast cancer, starting at zero and going up to four. There are several variables within some stages. Tumors are measured in millimeters and centimeters (ten millimeters equals one centimeter). For consistency here, we measure tumors in millimeters.

• Stage 0 breast cancer

-This is the very beginning of the scale. It describes noninvasive breast cancers or precancers. This includes the most common form of noninvasive cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Within stage 0, there is no evidence that cancer cells or other abnormal cells have invaded neighboring normal tissue.

• Stage 1 breast cancer

– Stage 1 describes a very early stage of invasive cancer. At this point, tumor cells have spread to normal surrounding breast tissue but are still contained in a small area. Stage I is divided into two subcategories:

In stage 1A, a tumor measures up to 20 millimeters (about the size of a grape), and there’s no cancer in the lymph nodes.

Stage 1B can be described as either:

     -a small tumor in the breast that is less than 20 millimeters plus small clusters of cancer cells in the lymph      nodes; or

      -no tumor in the breast plus small clusters of cancer cells in the lymph nodes.

• Stage 2 breast cancer

– Stage 2 describes cancer that is in a limited region of the breast but has grown larger. It reflects how many lymph nodes may contain cancer cells. This stage is divided into two subcategories.

Stage 2A is based on one of the following:

• Either there is no tumor in the breast or there is a breast tumor up to 20 millimeters (about the size of a grape), plus cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.
• A tumor of 20 to 50 millimeters is present in the breast, but cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.

Stage 2B is based on one of these criteria:

• A tumor of 20 to 50 millimeters is present in the breast, along with cancer that has spread to between one and three nearby lymph nodes.
• A tumor in the breast is larger than 50 millimeters, but cancer has not spread to any lymph nodes.

• Stage 3 breast cancer

In stage 3 breast cancer, the cancer has spread further into the breast or the tumor is a larger size than earlier stages. It is divided into three subcategories.

Stage 3A is based on one of the following:

• With or without a tumor in the breast, cancer is found in four to nine nearby lymph nodes.
• A breast tumor is larger than 50 millimeters, and the cancer has spread to between one and three nearby lymph nodes.

In stage 3B, a tumor has spread to the chest wall behind the breast. In addition, these factors contribute to assigning this stage:

• Cancer may also have spread to the skin, causing swelling or inflammation.
• It may have broken through the skin, causing an ulcerated area or wound.
• It may have spread to as many as nine underarm (axillary) lymph nodes or to nodes near the breastbone.

In stage 3C, there may be a tumor of any size in the breast, or no tumor present at all. But either way, the cancer has spread to one of the following places:

• ten or more underarm (axillary) lymph nodes
• lymph nodes near the collarbone
• some underarm lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the breastbone
• the skin

• Stage 4 breast cancer

– Stage 4 is the most advanced stage of breast cancer. It has spread to nearby lymph nodes and to distant parts of the body beyond the breast. This means it possibly involves your organs — such as the lungs, liver, or brain — or your bones.

Breast cancer may be stage IV when it is first diagnosed, or it can be a recurrence of a previous breast cancer that has spread.

The first symptoms is to identify a lump in the breast or in the armpit.

There are other symptoms also which may include:

• pain breast and armpit which does not change with the monthly cycle
• redness of the skin of breast, like the surface of an orange
• a rash around or over one of nipple
• blood discharge from the nipple
• inverted nipple
• a change in shape and size of the breast
• Scaling and peeling of the skin on nipple or on the breast

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder, in this condition the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. The Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cell that carries oxygen through the blood vessels. This disorder results in excessive destruction of red blood cells (RBSc) of the individual and this is what leads to anemia. For you know know what is Anemia is very important, This Anemia is a condition/situation in which the human body does not have enough normal and healthy red blood cells.

The Allogenic transplant (Stem cells taken from donor) is the procedure which is required to be done in patients suffering from thalassemia disease in which bone marrow cells are received from a HLA matched donor, these stem cells are later infused to the recipient (Patient) for the marrow to begin producing normal red blood cells and other cells also and stop forming abnormal blood cells which are not normal. This procedure is offered to patients who regularly require blood transfusion and this allogenic transplant is planned for those patients who are considered eligible for it considering all the clinical aspects and patient’s condition. Please note that all the patients suffering from thalassemia disease are not candidates of bone marrow transplant. Some of the Patients do well with other therapies offered at top hospitals like BLK-MAX Super Speciality Hospital, Apollo Hospitals, Fortis Hospitals, Artemis Hospitals and American Oncology Institute etc.

Aplastic anemia disease is a condition that occurs when a person stop producing enough fresh and new blood cells. The condition leaves a person fatigued and more prone to infections &uncontrolled bleeding. Allogenic transplant is a procedure which is needed to be done in patients suffering from aplastic cell anemia in which stem cells are received from HLA matched donor and they are then infused to the recipient for the marrow to start forming/producing normal cells and stop forming abnormal blood cells which are not normal as they are in a normal human being. This procedure is offered to patients who are require regular and frequent blood transfusion and ONLY for those patients who are considered eligible for stem cell transplant considering all the clinical aspects of the patient. Please note that all the patients suffering from aplastic cell anemia are not candidates of bone marrow transplant. Some of the Patients do well with ATG therapy offered at top hospitals like BLK-MAX Super Speciallity Hospital, Apollo Hospitals, Fortis Hospitals, Artemis Hospitals and American Oncology Institute etc.

Now let us discuss about the donor who is searched from direct biological siblings of the patient, chances of getting a matched donor in direct siblings are very high, biological parents of the patient are not matched, they are mostly half matched or slightly over half matched but considered as half matched donors by the doctors. In case there is no matched donor in the siblings that are available to donate. The bone marrow transplant specialists search from donors from the international bone marrow registry which is a lengthy procedure to follow but when the patient do not have a donor, the only choice left is to search for a donor from international registry of stem cell donors. Once the Haematologists identify a matched-donor, there is need for making arrangements for stem cells to be transported from place of donor to the place of recipient(Patient).

Allogenic transplant is a procedure which is required to be done in patients suffering from sickle cell anemia in which stem cells are taken from HLA Matched donor and they are infused in the recipient for the marrow to start forming normal cells and stop forming blood cells which are of the shape of a SICKLE. The disease is name sickle cell anemia as the cells formed are of the SICKLE Shape. This procedure is done for patients who are requiring regular and frequent blood transfusion and only for those patients who are considered eligible for bone marrow transplant considering all the clinical aspects. Please note that all the patients suffering from sickle cell anemia are not candidates of bone marrow transplant.

Now lets talk about the donor who is searched from direct biological siblings, chances of getting a matched donor in the direct siblings are very high, biological parents are not matched, they are mostly half matched or slightly over half but considered as half matched donors only. Incase there is no match donor in the siblings. The specialists search from donors from the international bone marrow donor registry which is a hectic procedure to follow but when you do not have a donor, the only choice left is to search a donor from international registry of stem cell donors. Once the Haematologist identify a matched donor, there is need to make arrangements for stem cells to be transported from the place of donor to the place of recipient(Patient)

We offers Low Bone marrow transplant for sickle cell anemia treatment in India at top Hospitals and top surgeons of India. Sickle cell anemia treatment ranges from USD 28000 to 35000.

At India , there are many world-class centres for Bone Marrow Transplant like Fortis, Gleneagles Global, BLK, Continental, Aster, Artemis, KIMS , Jaypee hospital & Columbia Asia etc. Patients suffering from different types of blood cancers undergo Bone Marrow Transplant, Patient diagnosed with Sickle cell Anaemia , Thalassemia and Aplastic Anaemia undergo bone marrow transplant for permanent cure. The Autologous stell cell transplant cost ranges from USD 18000 – 25000 at India Hospitals, the cost for Allogenic Transplant cost about USD 30000- 35000 at hospitals in north as well in south India. Haploidentical or  Half matched is comparatively high, it cost about USD 45000 to 55000.

Allogenic transplant is a procedure in which stem cells are taken from a HLA Matched donor and infused in the recipient for the marrow to start forming normal cells. This procedure is done for patients suffering from leukemia, sickle cell anemia, aplastic anemia, myelofibrosis and thalassemia etc.

The donor is searched from direct biological siblings as there are very high chances of getting a matched donor in the direct siblings, The biological parents are not matched, they are half matched donors. Incase there are no matched donor in the siblings. The doctors look for donors from the international bone marrow donor registry which to be honest is a hectic procedure to follow. Once the doctors identify an matched donor, the stem cells are transported from the place of donor to the place of recipient.

The allogenic transplant cost in India at top notch hospitals ranges from USD 28000 to USD 34000 depending the status of the disease of the patient. In the western world hospitals the same treatment is available at 10 times the more as compared to the treatment cost in India. The procedure is a complex one and requires exclusive infrastructure and services to deliver world class medical care. 

Sickle Cell Anemia is a shortage of RBCs. Sickle cells are easily broken. The breaking of Red blood cells is called chronic hemolysis. The life of RBC’s is about 120 days, it lives maximum for 10 to 20 days.

Sickle cell anemia or disease is a hereditary disease of the red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs are usually disc in shape which gives the flexibility to travel through the smallest blood vessels. But with this complication the RBCs have an abnormal crescent shape which resembles a sickle making them sticky and rigid and gets prone to be trapped in small vessels, blocking blood to reach different parts of the body. Resulting in complaints like pain and tissue damage.

Sickle cell disease causes RBCs to become catastrophic and break in this process. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).